Painting Critique Research Paper of Salvador Dali Essays

Painting Critique Research Paper of Salvador Dali Essays Painting Critique Research Paper of Salvador Dali Essay Painting Critique Research Paper of Salvador Dali Essay 1. Choose 3 books from the McCormick Library collection of art books.List them below with their call numbers. a. Dali: The Salvador Dali Museum Collection, oversized, 759.6, D143 b. Dalis Optical Illusions, 709.24, D143 c. Dali Dawn Ades, 709.24, D143, C.1 d. The Shameful Life of Salvador Dali, 709.24, D143 2. Page through these books until you find an artist or painting or style that particularly appeals to you.List the painting/ artist/style below. b. Painting is the Persistence of Memory 3. Using an encyclopedia of art or other print resources, find out some information on the artist, painting, or style.List your resources(s) below. a. I chose the encyclopedia and I found out that Dali was born May 11th 1904 and died January 23rd 1989. c. He is most known for his surrealism work 4. Using the internet (at the library or home), visit a virtual museum to find out more about this artist, painting, or style.List the internet site here. a. moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_ id=79018 a. That this painting hangs in the Museum of Modern Art in New York.This painting was made to look like a dream like state. I believe that Salvador Dali was considered as the greatest artist of the surrealist art movement and one of the greatest masters of art of the twentieth century.Dali was born in Figueres, Spain on May 11th 1904 at 8:45 in the morning. His birth name that was given to him was Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dali Domenech.Needless to say trying to sigh that name to a piece of art just wouldnt look right to he shortened it to Salvador Dali.He was born as the second child to Salvador Dali Cusi and his wife Felipa Domenech Ferres.

History of the African Slave Trade

History of the African Slave Trade Although slavery has been practiced for almost the whole of recorded history, the vast numbers involved in the African slave trade has left a legacy which cannot be ignored. Slavery in Africa Whether slavery existed within sub-Saharan African Iron Age kingdoms before the arrival of Europeans is hotly contested among African studies scholars. What is certain is that Africans were subjected to several forms of slavery over the centuries, including chattel slavery under both the imperial Muslims with the trans-Saharan slave trade and imperial Christian Europeans through the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Between 1400 and 1900, close to 20 million individuals were taken from the African continent during four sizable and mostly simultaneous slave trading operations: Trans-Saharan, Red Sea (Arab), Indian Ocean, and Trans-Atlantic. According to Canadian economic historian Nathan Nunn, by 1800 Africa’s population was half of what it would have been, had the slave trades not occurred. Nunn suggests his estimates based on shipping and census data probably represent about 80% of the total number of people stolen from their homes by the various slave operations. Four Great Slave Trading Operations in Africa Name Dates Number Countries Most Impacted Destination Trans-Saharan early 7th–1960s 3 million 13 countries: Ethiopia, Mali, Nigeria, Sudan, Chad North Africa Trans-Atlantic 1500–1850 12 million 34 countries: Angola, Ghana, Nigeria, the Congo European colonies in the Americas Indian Ocean 1650–1700 1 million 15 countries: Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar Middle East, India, Indian Ocean Islands Red Sea 1820–1880 1.5 million 7 countries: Ethiopia, Sudan, Chad Egypt and Arabian peninsula Religion and African Slavery Many of the countries who actively enslaved Africans came from states with strong religious underpinnings such as Islam and Christianity. The Quran prescribes the following approach to slavery: free men could not be enslaved, and those faithful to foreign religions could live as protected persons. However, the spread of the Islamic Empire through Africa resulted in a much harsher interpretation of the law, and people from outside the borders of the Islamic Empire were considered an acceptable source of slaves. Before the Civil War, Christianity was used to justify the institution of slavery in the American south, with most clergy in the south believing and preaching that slavery was a progressive institution designed by God to affect the Christianization of Africans.  The use of religious justifications for slavery is not confined to Africa by any means. The Dutch East India Company Africa wasnt the only continent from which slaves were captured: but its countries suffered the most devastation. In many cases, slavery appears to have been a direct outgrowth of expansionism. The great maritime explorations driven by companies such as the Dutch East India Company (VOC) were financed for the specific purpose of adding land to European empires. That land required a labor force far beyond the men sent on exploratory ships. People were enslaved by empires to act as servants; as agricultural, mining, and infrastructure labor; as sex slaves; and as cannon fodder for various armies. The Start of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade When the Portuguese first sailed down the Atlantic African coast in the 1430s, they were interested in one thing: gold. However, by 1500 they had already traded 81,000 Africans to Europe, nearby Atlantic islands, and to Muslim merchants in Africa. So Tomà ©Ã‚  is considered to be a principal port in the export of slaves across the Atlantic, this is, however, only part of the story. The Triangular Trade in Slaves For two hundred years, 1440–1640, Portugal had a monopoly on the export of slaves from Africa. It is notable that they were also the last European country to abolish the institution- although, like France, it still continued to work former slaves as contract laborers, which they called libertos or engagà ©s temps. It is estimated that during the 4 1/2 centuries of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Portugal was responsible for transporting over 4.5 million Africans (roughly 40% of the total). During the eighteenth century, however, when the slave trade accounted for the transport of a staggering 6 million Africans, Britain was the worst transgressor- responsible for almost 2.5 million. (This is a fact that is often forgotten by those who regularly cite Britains prime role in the abolition of the slave trade.) Information on how many slaves were shipped from Africa across the Atlantic to the Americas during the sixteenth century can only be estimated as very few records exist for this period. But from the seventeenth century onwards, increasingly accurate records, such as ship manifests, are available. Slaves for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were initially sourced in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. Around 1650 the trade moved to west-central Africa (the Kingdom of the Kongo and neighboring Angola). South Africa It is a popular misconception that slavery in South Africa was mild compared to that in America and the European colonies in the Far East. This is not so, and punishments meted out could be very harsh. From 1680 to 1795 an average of one slave was executed in Cape Town each month and the decaying corpses would be re-hung around town to act as a deterrent to other slaves.   Even after the abolition of the slave trade in Africa, colonial powers used forced labor- such as in King Leopolds Congo Free State (which was operated as a massive labor camp) or as libertos on the Portuguese plantations of Cape Verde or So Tomà ©. As recently as the 1910s, about half of the two million Africans who supported the various powers in World War I were forcibly coerced to do so. Impact of the Slave Trade Historian Nathan Nunn has conducted extensive research on the economic impacts of the massive loss of population during the slave trade. Prior to 1400, there were several Iron Age kingdoms in Africa that were established and growing. As the slave trade ramped up, people in those communities needed to protect themselves and began procuring weapons (iron knives, swords, and firearms) from Europeans by trading slaves. People were kidnapped first from other villages and then from their own communities. In many regions, the internal conflict caused by that led to the disintegration of kingdoms and their replacement by warlords who could not or would not establish stable states. The impacts continue to this day, and despite great indigenous strides in resistance and economic innovation, Nunn believes the scars still hinder the economic growth of countries who lost large numbers of populations to the slave trade compared to those which did not.   Selected Sources and Further Reading Campbell, Gwyn. Madagascar and the Slave Trade, 1810–1895. The Journal of African History 22.2 (1981): 203–27. Print.Du Bois, W.E.B., Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and Saidiya Hartman.  The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States of America, 1638–1870. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.Gakunzi, David. The Arab-Muslim Slave Trade: Lifting the Taboo. Jewish Political Studies Review 29.3/4 (2018): 40–42. Print.Kehinde, Michael. Trans-Saharan Slave Trade. Encyclopedia of Migration. Eds. Bean, Frank D. and Susan K. Brown. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. 1–4. Print.Nunn, Nathan. The Long-Term Effects of Africas Slave Trades. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 123.1 (2008): 139–76. Print.Nunn, Nathan, and Leonard Wantchekon. The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa. The American Economic Review 101.7 (2011): 3221–52. Print.Peach, Lucinda Joy. Human Rights, Religion, and (Sexual) Slavery. The Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics 20 (2000): 65–87. Print. Vink, Markus. The Worlds Oldest Trade: Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century. Journal of World History 14.2 (2003): 131–77. Print.

Prejudice and the Colonial Condition in Post-Colonial Caribbean Essay

Prejudice and the Colonial Condition in Post-Colonial Caribbean Literature - Essay Example This approach has also built strong prejudices towards a certain community. The stereotype about certain people, culture and community inclines towards hatred, atrocity among different community. In the research paper the racial prejudice has been discussed thoroughly in context to colonialism. For the study, the three major literary works have been taken for discussion. They are â€Å"Small Island,† by Andrea Levy, â€Å"In the Castle of My Skin,† by George Lammings and a memoir of Jamaica Kindcaid called â€Å"A Small Place.† The three novels focus on the stereotypical view and bigotry among the colonizers and colonized people. Various characters from these books are the representatives of the contemporary human psyche. It’s a struggle between masters and slaves, between hatred and helplessness, between colonizers and colonized. The writers want to focus that the colonialism is a psyche and it will take a long time to disappear it from the minds of the c olonized. Colonization suppressed self-respect, self-identity, and local religion of the native people of the colonies. With the help of other references, the paper throws the light on the racism, prejudices of both colonizers and colonized, and the colonial and post-colonial situation in the Caribbean Islands. Racial prejudice has been a sinister social disease, spread all over the world for centuries. So called advanced White people still are backward in their views, intolerant and narrow minded towards the people from other race. The racial prejudice is the consequence of the differences in hair colour, eye colour, facial structure, size of limb and most important the skin colour. Racial prejudice takes place when people are judged on the basis of their superficial character and outward appearance. In American history the racial prejudice resulted into the exploitation of black people. During Second World War, Hitler had an extreme hatred towards Jew community. It resulted into relentless atrocities towards black people and Jews. To remove this social stigma, the modern societies have drafted and enacted various laws and statute to ensure that all the people from different races should get respect and should be considered equal. The racism has become one of the hot topics for debate espe cially after the Second World War. Caribbean islands had previously been the one of the major colonies of British Empire. Much has been written on colonial condition and racial prejudice in Caribbean literature. The authors like Laura Niesen De Aruna have written about racist and imperialist current in Caribbean literature. Frances A. Della Cava and Madeline H. Engel also have given examples of racial prejudice against Blacks, Jews, and Women in their fiction. After World War II people from Caribbean island were migrating to England. The impression about England was very noble among its colonies. They called England as â€Å"Mother Country,† but when they came on the land they found that they had no value in Britain and they were been treated as aliens. Our study throws light upon the post colonial racism and racial prejudices. The stigma of racial discrimination has been reflected in post colonial Caribbean Literature. The problems of immigration, the insecure feeling, uncer tainty and biased, bigotry approach of English community towards the migrants had been the major issues depicted by the authors like Andrea Levy, George Lammings, Jamaica Kindcald and other writers. Keywords: Caribbean literature, racial prejudice, colonial conditions, bigotry, immigration During the World War II, the British colonies had no choice but to hold up with their masters, their British Empire. The colonized, for British people

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example The countries include our United Kingdom fast food market segment. Pringles’ food product name came from street of the same name, Pringles Street. Pringles Potato Chips products are included in the global marketing firm’s top selling products. The international firm is Proctor & Gamble, International. The Pringles potato chips products include the Fat-Free version, Hot and Spicy version, Salt & Vinegar version and the Sour Cream & Onion version (Smith, 2006). The supply chain activities of some ingredients can be done by buying two or more ingredients from one Pringles Potato Chips supplier. For example, the Pringles Potato Chips Company’s head office can purchase all ingredients from one grocery store. One possible grocery store alternative is Tesco Plc. Tesco Plc is the largest grocery chain in United Kingdom. The company is a multinational entity. The company headquarters is in Cheshunt, United Kingdom. The company ranks 3rd in the global grocery market segmen t. The grocery chain ranks behind world’s two top grocery chains. The two top grocery chains are Walmart and Carrefour. As a global leader in the grocery market segment, Tesco Plc is a good alternative for the Pringles Potato Chips Company’s ingredient purchase requirements. Tesco Plc has several grocery chain outlets in Asia, Europe, and United States (www.tesco.com). If Tesco Plc fails in terms of product delivery service, the company can shift to buying the processed Pringles Potato Chips ingredients.

Collecting and preparing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Collecting and preparing - Essay Example The photographer needs to use the modern as well as state-of-art camera for the attaining better results. The size of the lens should be 28 mm focal length and macro lens should be 50 mm focal length, which gives a standard quality photo. The photographer also should record the crime scene along with the areas attached with it. They also should record the appearance of the evidence and provide the investigator the photograph along with the evidence for the further investigation. At last, the photographs of the crime scene must be presented in front of the judge in the form of evidences in a systematic manner (Pearson, 2015). At the initial steps, the photographer should have the knowledge about different types of camera. The photographer appointed should be well acquainted with the type of camera that is required to take the photo of crime scene along with the perfect size of the lens and other accessories. The confidence level of the photographer must be high and should give higher attention at the time of work (Pearson, 2015). The equipment such as camera should be good quality attached to a perfect quality of lenses. During the time of capturing photo, there should be proper lighting so that clear photo could be taken (Pearson, 2015). During the time of photography of a crime scene, the photographer needs to ensure the safety by wearing the precautionary dress and needs to use certain arms or weapons while capturing the physical evidences (Pearson, 2015). There are two types of photography such as micro and macro. The photographer also needs to take the photo from different angles to make it easy for investigation process. For the two types of photo, photographers should use two types of cameras such as micro camera and macro camera so that the standard of the capture could be ensured (Pearson, 2015). The photographer should mark on the photo

Effects of Mobile Phones on Studies Essay Example for Free

Effects of Mobile Phones on Studies Essay Abstract: Mobile phones are rapidly growing technology all over the world. According to new United Nations report 60% of the world has mobile phones. People of any age using it for interaction and other purposes especially the students. They use it for interaction and entertainment etc. as mobile phones have advantages it also have disadvantages and its effecting the students’ education. This study was conducted to determine the impact of mobiles on the education of students. The methodology of questionnaire was used to collect data. A small sample size of 100 students was taken from different colleges and universities of Lahore with the technique of simple random sample. And then the collected sample was analyzed on SPSS 20. Most of the students claimed that they uses the mobile phones to interact with friends and even teachers, they use it for entertainment whenever they get bored and even they use the mobile phone during their lecture also. Keywords: Mobile Phones; Education; school environment; University; Pakistan Introduction: Mobile Phones are widely growing technology all around the world especially in developing countries, and are becoming a social symbol as well. According to the new United Nations report, now 60% of the world has mobile phones and in 2002 only 14% of the world had any kind of mobile phones. People especially our youth are doing its extensive use, they are using it for entertainment, interaction with friends and family, learning purposes, and for internet etc. too. Mobile phones are removing distances among people now they are no need of landlines or any other kind of communicating source (fax, latter, e-mail etc.). Mobiles are becoming a part of life now a day. As technology changing rapidly, the technology of mobile is also changing. The new mobiles with new advance technology have many new and attractive features for its users. Mobile phones have many advantages and disadvantages as well. Our youth uses the mobile phones as messenger and spend their whole day in messaging and calls. Read more:Â  Effects of Cell Phone Addiction The so much use of mobile phone also causes of many diseases and other problems as well like economical, educational, political, social and in professional life and it has been proved from the previous researches about the effects of mobile phones. There are already many researches have been conducted about the effects of mobile phone. In our research we will try to find out how mobile phones are affecting ones educational life, either it’s because of its advance technology or its extensive use. Students use so much of mobile phones that it effects their grades as they cannot completely concentrate on their studies. Mobile phones are also effecting school’s environment as students spend their time in making short message service (SMS) taking photos even without knowing the friends and sometimes also of the faculty. Even the school/college administrator thinks that the mobile should be bane in school. Mobile also have advantages as parents have security about their children if anybody in college/university gets late they can inform their parents. This study was conducted to determine how much mobiles are effecting our students’ education and how we can overcome from this problem. Mobile companies are giving them different calls and messages packages then how can we aware our students not to spoil their time on mobile as this is the time when they can make their future. Literature Review: There are many studies which suggest that mobile phones are effecting our youth’s education and their grades badly. Mobiles are not even effecting the youth’s education it also affecting the school’s environment. In an essay on internet sakazaki4693 (2009) [ HYPERLINK \l sakazaki4693 1 ] suggests that mobile phone should be banned in schools as students always seems to look busy in short message service (SMS) multimedia message service (MMS) taking photographs of friends and faculty even without knowing them and many more. It wastes so much of their time. In an research paper Olofinniyi OE et al. (2012) [ HYPERLINK \l OEO12 1 ] prpposed that mobiles phones are effecting secondary schools’ Academic performance and they concluded that mobiles are not effecting their performance but also introducing some negative habits in studs like use mobile during lecture or in library which lacking their performance, so parents and administration should discourage thm to use mobile phone. Research Methodology: This study was conducted with an aim to find the aspects of mobile phone usage among Pakistani users. The purpose of this study was to find that how mobile phones are effecting the grades and education of students. The methodology of questionnaire was used to collect the responses. The students of universities and colleges were taken as population with the technique of simple random sampling. From the selected population 100 students were selected as sample out of which 80 students responded back thus the response rate of this research is 80%. And then SPSS 20 was used to analyse the collected data. References: |Bibliography | | |x | | |Bibliography | | |x | | |[1] | | |sakazaki4693. (2009, February) www.studymode.com. [Online]. HYPERLINK | | |http://www.studymode.com/essays/Schools-Should-Ban-The-Use-Of-192766.html| | | | | |http://www.studymode.com/essays/Schools-Should-Ban-The-Use-Of-192766.html | | | | | |[2] | | |Olofinniyi OE, Fashiku Co, Fashiku BC, and Owombo Pt, Access to GSM and | | |Students Academic performance in Secondary School of Osun State,

Socio-Cultural Impact of Tourism

Socio-Cultural Impact of Tourism Chapter 2 Literature Review There are many researchers who have examined on how tourism affects the local people in a destination. They have worked on how to assess the negative and positive impacts of tourism on society. This literature review will be based on the research of the socio-cultural impact of tourism on the local people in Mauritius. The impacts that tourism brings to the local people will be assessed by the use of a questionnaire. This literature review will be completed by searching for journal articles, relevant studies which have been previously done on the topic. Overview of Tourism Tourism is an active and deal process which include direct and alternative relationship between people and originator of tourism products. The interaction between people is the is often the necessary feature which characterizes a tourism experience. These experiences can lead to both positive and negative impacts and this should be controlled in order to maximize the positive impacts and minimize and negative impacts (Sheldon Abenoja). Positive and negative feature of tourism can be moved to the tourists and the hosts population as a tourism product can only be consumed in a destination. One of the most influential socially based plan refined to examine the impact of tourism has on local people and the environment in which the local people live is dependent on the work of Doxey (1975), who was able to demonstrate the feeling that local people show as tourism extend and start to use greater area of a local economy over time. (Doxey) also argued that there are basically four levels to be considered when assessing local feelings towards the tourism industry. These are as follows: Euphoria: This is where tourist come to a destination where they are received with little control and planning in a destination Apathy: Tourists are accepted by the local people in a destination, commercialization takes place and there is a relationship between groups. Annoyance: As the tourism industry is being saturated, local people tend to have uncertainty about a location of tourism. Tourism planners increase infrastructure instead of controlling the growth of tourism. Antagonism: Local people start to become irritated and this is presented to tourists and tourism and planning is restorative. The number of impacts from tourism is physically wide and it often has the authority on areas beyond those usually linked with tourism (Kreag 2001). It is difficult to measure the exact type and magnitudes of impacts of tourism as they cannot be viewed in a separate way because the effect brought by tourism alone and the effect which has been accomplished by other agents of change such as modernization, development, and the influence of media (Archer Cooper, 1994; Lickorish Jenkin, 1997; Mathieson Wall, 1982). Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism According to (Oppermann Chon, 1997), they argued that the socio cultural impacts should be available in towns and it should be designed in such a way in order to achieve the ideals of sustainable development. The socio-cultural impacts of tourism occur when there is the interaction between the host, or local people, and guests, or tourists (Smith 1995). However, Glasson, Gofrey and Goodey (1995) argued that the socio-cultural impacts are the people impacts of tourism and it concentrates on the day to day changes and quality of life of residents in a destination. It has been stated by (Opperman and Chon 1997) that tourist and the host interactions does not have effect on the hosts and the society of the host, but also it has an effect on the tourists and the tourists societies. Socio-cultural impacts have both positive and negative forms and it is the hosts and the guests who are affected (Cooper et al., 1998; Oppermann Chon, 1997). Moreover, (Pi-Sunyer, 1973), stated that socially and culturally, tourism has often been victim of social tensions. It can be noted that the principal impacts affected by the tourists and host relationship are the demonstration effect, that is when the behaviour of the hosts community is developed in such a way to imitate the tourists (Boissevain, 1979; Tsartas, 1992). During their stay in a destination tourists interact with the local residents and this interation brings an outcome such as modifications in the quality of life of the hosts community, value system, labour division, family relationships, attitudes, behavioural patterns, ceremonies and creative expressions (Fox 1977; Cohen 1984; Pizam and Milman 1984). The encounters of tourists and the hosts occur when tourists are buying goods and services from any host individual where there are at the same place and at the same time and where they can exchange ideas and information (de Kadt 1979). Another type of encounter which occur in tourism is where there is a failure in promoting mutual understanding among different nations and stereotypes prevail (Nettekoven 1979; Krippendorf 1987; OGrady 1990). In addition, socio-cultural impacts of tourism also include change in the language that is used in a destination (White 1974; Brougham and Butler 1977; Jeffs and Tavis 1989; Wallace 1997); growth in the consumption of alcoholics, crime, prostitution and gambling (Young 1973; Graburn 1983; OGrady 1990). According to Brunt and Courtney (1999) argued that socio cultural impacts of when there is the interaction of tourists-host could be utilized to host residents and was affected by their role and their relationship within the tourism industry. Communities Perspective of Tourism Considering the attitude of local people the large range of the positive and negative impacts of tourism on the community at large and individual can be analysed (Fredline, 2004). (Ratz 2002), said that the lives of the hosts community are changed by two major factors which are namely the tourists-host relationship and the development of the tourism industry itself. Local people and foreign companies are encouraged to invest in different types of tourist enterprises (Larsen 1998) and this is looked in such a strategy to motivate economic activities to take place which will make the state become richer. In a host community, not every people perceive the impacts of tourism in the same manner. Researches says that the level of satisfaction of residents in a destination and their attitudes in relation to tourism are conditional on their perception of the impact of tourism. Socio-Cultural sustainability Cultural sustainability is the maintenance of local values, the way that people live in their environment and identity (Heikkinen et al. 2007). According to (Besculides, Lee, McCornick, 2002; Simpson, 2008) the cultural and social as aspect of sustainability may be supported by tourism development by granting a change of declining traditional industries appealing infrastructure development promoting pride referring to culture and community, fostering cultural acceptance amongst visitors, keeping cultural heritage, fostering cross institutional acceptance and bring into existence educational favorable circumstances. However, (Liu 2003; Stronza, 2007), argued that tourism can bring up new lifestyles, belief, and values to hosts, and come through changes in the living form of the communities. Positive socio-cultural impact of tourism Tourism brings into contribution of an improvement of the social infrastructure in a destination. Cultural development can be considered as a positive impact of tourism. Various situations exist where tourism is the active force behind the preservation and awareness of local culture and traditions. (United Nations, 1996; Jamaica Sustainable Development Network, 2001; Tourism Product Development Company 2005; du Cros; 2001) Negative socio-cultural impacts of tourism For some islands, there are negative social impact that are created due to tourism. An increase in the price leads to a fall in the standard of living of the local community. Fishermen are deprived from their occupation. Sometimes locals are prevented to get access to public beaches as most hotels give priority to tourists to enjoy the beaches and therefore locals are left with only part of the beaches. Moreover, there are capacity issues where the beaches are overcrowded which leads to traffic congestion and noise pollution, reverse acculturation and high crime rates also occur (United Nations, 1996; PA Consulting Group, 2007). Physical influences causing social stress The physical power that increasing tourism has on a destination can cause social stress because this encounter the local community. Cultural degeneration such as damage to cultural heritage may take place from vandalism, littering, pilferage and illegal removal of cultural heritage items or by changing the historical landscape that surrounds it. Resource use conflicts will arise because there is a competition between the host community and the tourists for making use of prime resources such as water and energy which are limited in supply. Conflicts will arise when there will be the construction of hotels in coastal areas. Culture Clashes As tourism is the movement of people to different places geographically and places of social relation between tourists and the hosts, culture clashes may come forward because of differences in their cultures, ethnic and religious groups, values, lifestyles, languages and levels of prosperity. There will be economic inequality between local people and the tourists as they spend more than they often spend in an economy. Behaviour of tourists causing irritation Tourists usually fail to respect local people and their moral values due to carelessness in a destination. They may not respect the locals traditions by taking pictures where they are not allowed to do so and they may also be not well dressed in religious places like temples, mosques, and church. Crime Jud (1975) stated that amount of criminal movement facing foreign tourists grows as the number of illegal chances increase. He also said that the more tourists arrival in a destination will result in more chances for crime to take place. However, Lin and Loeb (1977) argued that there might not be a certain connection between tourists and criminal activities. Moreover, Bernasco and Luykx (2003) stated that there are three factors which pull crimes against property and these are attractiveness, opportunity and accessibility. As a result if communities do not protect themselves and imperfectly put in order by external agencies, some individuals will precise their personal temperament and devotion towards criminal behaviour. Moreover, Shaw and Mc Kay (1992) stated that a weak organizational form within a community may produce an environment more favorable for criminals against people and vice versa. Job level friction There has been a lack of professional training and low-paid tourism jobs such as waiter, cleaner gardening are offered to local people whereas the higher-paying jobs are like managerial jobs are offered to foreigners. Change of local identity and values Conventional tourism can bring impact change or loss of recognition and values and leads to influences as stated below: Commercialization of local culture Tourism can turn local culture into product and this is when religious traditions, local customs and festivals are diminished to adjust to tourist expectations and this has been called as reconstructed ethnicity. Standardisation A destination aim is to satisfy and it risk standardization, accommodation, food and drinks, etc must meet the want of the tourists in a destination Adaptation to tourist demands In destination tourists have the desire to buy souvenirs, arts, crafts, cultural manifestations. Craftsmen in many tourists destinations have changed their products by designing new types to make them match the new customers tastes. Increase of Prostitution and sex tourism According to the WTO (World Tourism Organisation) experts (1994) sex tourism has its principal intention that effect of a commercial sexual relationship. Sex tourism is absolutely tangible encounter in which the partner is not anymore an animated object. Many men go to Asia to choose Asian girls because no communication is possible. Sex workers can be migrant women in a destination from neighbouring countries. Moreover, sex tourism has impacted to an increase in AIDS in India. It has been discovered that upper grade hotels have their supply for sex tourism to take place. Sex tourism is also linked to drug peddlers who search for long vacation tourists at cheap destinations. The economic impacts of tourism According to (Loomis and Walsh 1997) businesses and public organizations are progressively showing interest in the economic impacts of tourism at national, state and local levels as the tourism industry contributes to the nations balance of payment (BOP) and this provide a great supply of income (Tatoglu, Erdal, Ozgur, Azakli, 2000). The World Traven and Tourism Council (2012) reported that tourism can be beneficial to an economy in terms of increasing the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Moreover, (Andereck Valentine, Knopf and Vogt 2005) reported that tourism industries can have a positive effect on the economy of a community by effecting diversity, and tax revenue. Furthermore tourism is taken into consideration as a determinant that provides a higher living standard and which effect to attract investors to do investments and tourists to spend which as a result creates greater benefits than costs (Brida, Osti Faccioli, 2011). The benefits that tourism bring in an economy According to (Rithie, 2000; Carolson Millan, 2002; Getz, 2005) said that the events in a destination tend to improve the infrastructure and development capacity. (Westerbeek et al. 2005, p. 133) reported that when infrastructure is well articulated consisting of physical venues, accommodation and facilities such as transport can lead a an even to success and reducing costs, ameliorating the convenience of spectator, as well as the athlete and long term benefits for the local community when the event ends. Multiplier effect Tourism as a supply of income is difficult to measure, this is because it creates multiplier effect (Clarke et al, 2009; Brida et al, 2010; Rastegar, 2010). Multiplier effect is the abundance of money which is generated due to tourist spending in an economy it increases as it passes through different areas of the economy (Dritsakis, 2008; Boopen, 2006. Tourism does not only leads to employment opportunities but also motivates growth in the primary and secondary sectors of the industry. Primary tourism sectors namely, lodging, dining, transportation, amusements and retail trade are influenced directly and most of the other sectors are have impacts of the secondary effects. Direct effect in the economy These are production changes which are linked with the actual effects of changes in tourism expenditures. An increase in the number of tourists staying in a hotel would lead to an increase in profits due to sales in the hotel sector. Direct effects of tourists spending also include hotel payments for wages and salaries, taxes, and supplies and services. Indirect effect in the economy This is the re spending of the hotel industrys revenues in other behind industries. For example industries which supplies products and services to hotels. Modification in sales, jobs, and income in the linen supply industry shows another area of indirect effects after all connecting hotels to various degrees to multiple other economic sectors in the region. Induced effect in the economy Induced effect is the household income earned directly or indirectly by tourism spending. For example employees from the hotel and employees from the linen supply are supported directly and indirectly by tourism, they spend their money in the local region expenses of housing, food, transportation and spending of added wage, salary, or owners income are considered as induced effect. Indirect effects of tourism on GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Tourism is a big constituent of the services economy, representing 30% of international trade in services. Taking into account of the revenue, the T20 countries generate nearly 70% of global tourist activity. In addition, the contribution that tourism can make to the growth of the economy is found in its indirect impacts, which in the T20 countries showing over 45% of tourisms total contributions to the GDP. These indirect impact which are linked both to goods and services bought by the tourism sector and to investment and public spending multiplied by tourism are an important factor of economic growth. The exchange rate effect of tourism Tourism is a major foreign currency earner as it supplies the market with foreign currency and this market would not exist if tourism would not be so large. This diminishes the cost of foreign currency below what it would otherwise be. Creation of employment According to (Bridenhann and Wickens, 2004), tourism is an industries among many other industries which has the highest power to contribute towards job creation and economic development, especially in rural areas. Environmental impact of tourism Negative environmental impacts takes place when the level of visitors in a country exceeds the carrying capacity of an environment or use greater space that is required for an environment. When it is uncontrolled, it brings threats to many natural areas around the world. The environment quality, natural and man-made is of great importance to tourism. However, the relationship with the environment is intricate. The environmental impact is related with the construction of the general infrastructure in a destination such as roads and airports, and of the facilities of tourism, such as resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses. As the negative impacts of tourism can destroy the environment in the long-term, and these impacts should be minimized. Further literature of the negative environmental impact of tourism is as follows: Land Degradation The important resources of land are fertile soil, forests, wetlands and wildlife. Due to an increase in the construction of tourism facilities there has been pressure on these resources. Direct impact can be caused by providing tourists with the facilities needed such as accommodation and other infrastructure needed on the environment. Moreover, when there is deforestation, forest often suffers from this disaster. Air and noise pollution Pollution is something harmful that begins into the environment and these harmful materials are called pollutants. It can be natural such as volcanic ash. Pollution can be also produced by human activity for example trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water and land. There are various things that are useful to people create pollution. Cars eject pollutants from their exhaust pipes. Burning coal to produce electricity pollutes the air. Industries and homes spread garbage and sewage that can pollute the land and water. Impacts on Biodiversity Tourism can cause loss of biodiversity in various ways for example by competing the wildlife for habitat and natural resources. Negative impact on biodiversity can be caused by trampling, stress in animals, import of invading species, destruction of habitats, marine habitat deterioration. Strain on water resources Water is one of the important resource that is needed to survive and for a business to continue to operate water is need in the everyday operation of the business. Hotels use water in swimming pools, golf courses and also water is used by the tourists for personal use. Therefore there is a tendency for shortage of water and generating a greater volume of wastewater. Energy Utilisation Hotels use huge volume of water. Tourists staying in a hotel use on average 1/3 more water per day than a local inhabitant. The consumption of energy per m2 per year by one star hotel is 157kwh (380 KWh in a four star hotel) (EEA, 2003). However, the infrastructure is not suitable as it has been designed to cope with peak periods. The role of the UNWTO, (United Nations World Tourism Organisation) towards the environment In order to prevent the unfavorable impacts of climate change, the IPCC reports 2007 need 25-40% emission reduction sphere for the Annex 1 Parties (industrialized countries) by 2020, compared to the basis year 1995.